Class XI Biology

What is living, biodiversity, need for classification, three domains of life, taxonomy and systematics, concept of species, taxonomic hierarchy, binomial nomenclature, tools for study of taxonomy.

Five kingdom classification of Whittaker, Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia, Viruses, Viroids, Prions, and Lichens.

Classification of plants: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms; plant life cycles and alternation of generations.

Basis of classification, non-chordate phyla (Porifera to Hemichordata), phylum Chordata, classes of vertebrates (Cyclostomata to Mammalia).

Morphology and modifications of root, stem, leaf; inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed, and descriptions of representative angiospermic families.

Anatomy and functions of tissues (meristematic and permanent), tissue systems, internal structure of root, stem, leaf of dicot and monocot; secondary growth.

Animal tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Neural; morphology, anatomy and histology of Cockroach (Periplaneta americana).

Cell theory, prokaryotic cell envelope and organelles, eukaryotic cell membrane (fluid mosaic model), cell wall, endomembrane system, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, nucleus.

Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; enzymes, types, properties, enzyme action.

Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

Movement of water, gases and nutrients; cell-to-cell transport, plant-water relations, long distance transport of water; essential minerals, macro and micronutrients, deficiency symptoms, nitrogen metabolism.

Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis; pigments; photochemical and biosynthetic phases; cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.

Cellular respiration: Glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient.

Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; growth regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalisation; photoperiodism.

Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; nutritional and digestive disorders - PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.

Respiratory organs in animals; Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans - Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration - Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system - Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system - Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

Modes of excretion - Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system - structure and function; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function - Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders - Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle - contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions; Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system - Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sensory perception; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.

Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system - Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, Goiter, Exophthalmic goiter, Diabetes, Addison's disease).