তাপগতিবিদ্যা ও গ্যাসের গতীয় তত্ত্ব
First & second laws of thermodynamics, PV indicator diagrams, Carnot engine, molecular kinetic theory, and equipartition of energy.
Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature, thermodynamic state variables (P, V, T), and quasi-static processes.
First law dQ = dU + dW, internal energy as state function, work done in isothermal (W = nRT ln(V2/V1)) and adiabatic (PV^γ = c) processes, Mayer's relation Cp - Cv = R.
Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot heat engine, efficiency η = 1 - T2/T1, Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of second law.
Avogadro's hypothesis, Boyle's and Charles' laws, ideal gas equation PV = nRT = N k_B T, and real gas van der Waals deviations.
Assumptions of kinetic theory, derivation of pressure P = 1/3 ρ v_rms^2, molecular speed interpretations, degrees of freedom, and law of equipartition of energy.