Thermal Physics & Thermodynamics

• Analyze heat exchange using the principle of calorimetry.
• Apply the First Law of Thermodynamics (dQ = dU + dW) to isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric processes.
• Calculate work done in thermodynamic cycles from PV indicator diagrams.
• Explain the Second Law of Thermodynamics and derive Carnot engine efficiency.

• Specific Heat Capacity & Latent Heat
• Conduction (Fourier's Law), Convection, and Radiation (Stefan-Boltzmann)
• First Law of Thermodynamics (dQ = dU + dW)
• Adiabatic Process Equation (PV^γ = constant)
• Molar Heat Capacities: Cp - Cv = R (Mayer's Formula)
• Carnot Engine Cycle & Maximum Efficiency (η = 1 - T2/T1)

“Internal energy of an ideal gas depends solely on temperature: dU = n Cv dT.”

• •Work done in isothermal process: W = nRT ln(V2/V1).
• •Work done in adiabatic process: W = (P1V1 - P2V2)/(γ - 1).
• •In cyclic processes, change in internal energy over one complete cycle is zero (ΔU = 0).

Extensive problem set on indicator diagram cycle work, heat engine efficiency, and adiabatic expansions.