Class XII Chemistry

Quantitative thermodynamics of binary solutions, vapor pressure laws, colligative properties, and electrolyte dissociation/association using the van 't Hoff factor.

Comprehensive study of electrochemical cells, electrolytic conduction, Kohlrausch's law, Nernst equation, commercial batteries, fuel cells, and corrosion mechanisms.

Study of reaction rates, reaction mechanisms, differential and integrated rate laws, temperature dependence, activation energy, and collision dynamics.

Comparative inorganic chemistry of transition metals (3d, 4d, 5d series), key oxidation-reduction reagents (K2Cr2O7, KMnO4), and inner transition metals (lanthanoids and actinoids).

Theoretical and structural coordination chemistry: Werner's theory, systematic nomenclature, isomerism, crystal field stabilization energy, and biological coordination complexes.

Halogenated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons: Stereochemical mechanisms ($S_N1, S_N2$), organometallics, unreactivity of aryl halides, and environmental impacts of polyhalogens.

Organic oxygen derivatives: Industrial and laboratory preparations, acidic properties, distinguishing tests, phenol electrophilic reactions, and ether cleavage mechanisms.

Carbonyl chemistry: Nucleophilic additions, condensation mechanisms, oxidation/reduction tests, and carboxylic acid derivatives.

Study of organic nitrogen derivatives: Amines classification, gas-phase vs. aqueous-phase basicity, distinguish tests, diazonium salt synthesis, and azo dye coupling.

Biochemical structures and metabolic macromolecules: Monosaccharides, structural tiers of proteins, enzyme catalysis, and nucleotide architecture in DNA/RNA.

Macromolecular synthetic and natural materials: Chain-growth and step-growth mechanisms, elastomeric vulcanization, thermosets, and eco-friendly polymers.

Applied medicinal, food, and cleansing chemistry: Drug-receptor actions, pharmacodynamics, artificial sweeteners, food preservatives, and micellar detergent action.